Three Kingdoms

The social and cultural development of the â€Å"Three Kingdoms† The social and cultural development of the â€Å"Three Kingdoms† The Three Kingdoms were founded after the fall of Gojoseon, and gradually conquered and absorbed various other small states and confederacies. The Three Kingdoms period ran from 57 AD until Silla's triumph over Koguryo in 668,[1] which marked the beginning of the North and South States period ( ) of Unified Silla in the South and Balhae in the North. The Three Kingdoms of Korea( refer to the ancient Korean kingdoms of Goguryeo, Paekche and Silla, which dominated the Korean peninsula and parts of Manchuria for much of the 1st millennium. I think it is very interesting that in ancient China also had a period named â€Å"three kingdoms†. But we all known, it’s totally different with the â€Å"Three Kingdoms† in Korea. China would be Sui and Tang dynasties when Korea was in the period of â€Å"Three Kingdoms†. In the C hinese history, Sui and Tang dynasties had been the most prosperity period. Sui and Tang dynasties had a strong influence in Asia; the relationship of the Three Kingdoms with China presented a complex situation.On one hand, the three kingdoms launched bold military assaults against china itself at times, one the other hand, none of the Three Kingdoms showed any hesitation in adopting whatever elements of Chinese culture and statecraft might be useful for its own development. The social development of the â€Å"Three Kingdoms† The Koguryo Kingdom was founded in 37 B. C. , and by the first century, it had firmly established itself as a powerful state. Koguryo developed into a powerful nation and acted as a bulwark against the aggressive northern nations and China. 2] (There is another view in china that the ancient Kingdom of Koguryo (37 BC–AD668) was China’s vassal state, of course this view ignited a firestorm of protest in South Korea. [3]) When we talk about t he social development of Koguryo we have to refer to the King Sosurim(371-384). The King Sosurim reshaped the pattern of Koguryo’s institutions. He adopted Buddhism and established a national Confucian academy in 372. Buddhism would give the nation spiritual unity, the national Confucian academy was essential to instituting a new bureaucratic structure, and the administrative code would systematize the state structure itself.In this way Koguryo completed its initial creation of a centralized aristocratic state. These internal arrangements laid the groundwork for external expansion. King Kwanggaet’o(391-413) vigorously added new domains to Koguryo by conquest. His great military campaigns recorded on a huge stone stele still standing at his tomb. Dominated by this king, Koguryo became a vast kingdom extending over two-thirds of Korean peninsula and much of Manchuria as well. Then, King Changsu(413-491) the son of King Kwanggaest succeeded, during his reign brought Kogur yo to its flourishing height.In 427 King Changsu moved the Koguryo capital from P’yongyang, in this new metropolitan center other institutional arrangements now were perfected. Koguryo could be developed as prosperous as it was benefited from the military system I think. The military organization of Koguryo approximated the following: [3] First, Koguryo military system was based on a conscription system, Second, the King was the only supreme command and he alone could order the troops. It was considered treason to mobilize armed forces without the king's approval. It was not until after King Sindae's rule that a single army was divided in to central and local army.The central army had more power than the local army. The central army was stationed in the capital to play the role of protecting the king and defending the capital. Meanwhile, the local army was stationed in local areas to play the role of maintaining public security and defending the borders. The central army comp osed of two kinds of soldiers, Professional soldiers from the ruler class called the Kuk-in ( ), and the farmer soldiers mobilized by the conscription system who farmed in peace times and were mobilized as soldiers in times of war. The local army composed of three grade groups: Dae-sung, Je-sung, and Sung.Paekche, one of three kingdoms into which ancient Korea was divided before 660. occupying the southwestern tip of the Korean peninsula, Paekche is traditionally said to have been founded in 18B. C. in the Kwangiu area by a legendary leader named Onji. [4]( Onjo and his followers, who are described in historical records as having been responsible for the founding of Paekche Kingdom, were immigrants from Puyo in northeast China. They settled in the Han River valley at the borders between Mahan and Ye population at the end of the first century B. C. as described in the Annals of Paekche in Samguk Sagi(Records of the Three Kingdoms). )[5] In the mid-3rd century during the reign of King Koi, Paekche concentrated its strength in the greater part of the Han River basin in order to solidify its base as an ancient kingdom, and in the mid-4th century during the reign of Kunch'ogo, it progressed into its Golden Age. King Kunch'ogo conquered the remaining land of Mahan to the south, completely unified the Honam district (now Cholla-do) and by rising victorious over battles with Koguryo, ruled over the Hwanghae Province to the north.During this period, Paekche also made inroads into Japan and parts of China including Shandong and Liaoxi. In the mid-4th century, Koguryo suffered a great loss as a result of invasions by Former Yan and Paekche but in the latter half of the 4th century, during the reign of King Sosurim, Koguryo accepted Buddhism, established a school called T'aehak, and through the promulgation of various laws, readjusted its national structure. During the consecutive reigns of King Kwanggaet'o and King Changsu, Koguryo greatly expanded its territory and held hegemony in north-eastern Asia.Paekche, in the 5th century, confronted the southward advancement of Koguryo, lost the territory along the Han River basin and moved its capital to Ungjin (Kongju). With its power weakened, Paekche, in the 6th century under the reign of King Song, again moved its capital, this time to Sabisong (Puyo), and began readjusting its institutions in order to revive itself. King Song actively promoted cultural exchanges with the Southern Dynasties of China and introduced Buddhism to Japan. During this period, Paekche joined Silla to help control the Han River, only to lose it again to Silla.Silla evolved out of Saro, one of the twelve walled ­town states in the Chinhan area of southeastern Korea. This state of Saro took the lead in forming a confederated structure with the other walled town states in the region, and it is thought that the appearance of the first ruler from the Sok clan, King T'arhae (traditional dates 57-80 A. D. ), marks the beginning of t his gradual process. By the time of King Naemul (356 ­402), then, a rather large confederated kingdom had taken shape, control ­ling the region east of the Naktong River in modern North Kyongsang province.Through both conquest and federation, Saro now had reached the stage where it rapidly would transform itself into the kingdom of Shilla. Naemul, the central figure in this unfolding historical drama, adopted a title befitting his new position as the ruler of a kingdom. Instead of isagum (â€Å"successor prince†), the term used by his predecessors, Naemul took the title maripkan, a term based on a word meaning â€Å"ridge† or â€Å"elevation. † From this point on, the kingship no longer alternated among three royal houses but was monopolized on a hereditary basis by Naemul's Kim clan.In the course of his reign Naemul sought help from Koguryo in thwarting the designs of Paekche, which was making use of both Kaya and Japanese Wa forces to harass the fledgling Silla kingdom. This effort was successful, but it led to a slowing of the pace of Silla's development. Silla had taken the step of fixing the right to the kingship in the house of Kim in the time of King Naemul, and before long, with the reign of Nulchi(417-458), the pattern of father to son succession to the throne was established .Shortly thereafter the six clan communities were reorganized into administrative â€Å"districts†, bringing a step closer to fruition the design for centralization of governmental authority. It is not clear just when this restructuring was carried out, but it appears to have been under King Soji (479-500), that is, sometime in the latter half of the fifth century. The establishment of post stations throughout the country and the opening of markets in the capital where the products or different locales might be traded were among the consequences, no doubt, of such a centralizing thrust in Silla's governance of its domain.Meanwhile, to counter the p ressure being exerted on its frontiers by Koguryo, Silla had concluded an alliance with Paekche in 433. It was at this time , most likely, that Silla was able to fully free itself from Koguryo's influence in its internal affairs, and in the process Silla's ties with Peakche became further strengthened. The fact that Silla forged marriage ties with King Tongsong of Paekche after the transfer of the Paekche capital to Ungjin in 475 is recounted in a well-known tale, and in the ensuing years the two countries carried out joint military operations on several occasions.Having experienced these domestic and external developments, Silla finally completed the structuring of a centralized aristocratic state in the reign of King Beopheung (514-540). Under his predecessor, King Jinheung (500-514), Silla had achieved important advances in its agricultural technology, as plowing by oxen was introduced and, from about this same time, irrigation works were carried out extensively. The resulting in crease in agricultural production must have been one factor in promoting change in Silla society. In the political sphere, then, the nation's name was declared to be Silla† and the Chinese term wang (â€Å"king†) was adopted in place of the native title. These sinifications were not merely terminological changes but reflected Silla's readiness to accept China's advanced political institutions. Another significant political development of this period was the emergence of the Pak clan as the source of queens for Silla's kings. The foundation thus having been readied, an administrative structure fully characteristic of a centralized aristocratic state was created in Silla in the reign of King Beopheung.The clearest indication of this development is the promulgation of a code of administrative law in 520. Although its provisions are not known with certainty, it is believed to have included such regulations as those delineating the seventeen-grade office rank structure, pres cribing proper attire for the officialdom, and instituting the kolp ‘um (â€Å"bone-rank†) system. â€Å"This was a system that conferred or withheld a variety of special privileges, ranging from political preferment to economic advantage, in accordance with the degree of respect due a person’s bone-bank, that is, hereditary bloodline.There were two levels of so-called bone-bank itself, â€Å"hallowed-bone† and â€Å"true-bone. † The hallowed-bone status was held by those in the royal house of Kim who possessed the qualification to become king. Those of true-bone rank also were members of the Kim royal house but originally lacked qualification for the kingship. The distinction between hallowed-bone and true-bone rank within the same Silla royal house of Kim originally seems to have been made on the basis of maternal lineage, but eventually the two bone-ranks coalesced into a single true-bone rank.In addition there were six grade of â€Å"head-rank one. † Head-rank six was just below true-bone status, while head-ranks three, two, and one probably designated the common people, that is, the non-privileged general populace. †[6] The cultural development of â€Å"Three Kingdoms† When we talk about the cultural development of the Three Kingdoms, the Buddhism and Confucian come to mind easily. Buddhism and Confucian were first introduced to Korean in 4th century just the three kingdoms period. And they were not only spread widely in the three kingdoms, they had a deep influence on many aspects of the three kingdoms.The Three Kingdoms accepted Buddhism, which greatly advanced and expanded the scope of their culture, political structure and society etc. First, the kingdom of Goguryeo invited a monk from China with Chinese Buddhist texts and Buddha statues in 372 A. D. Later, Buddhism was introduced to the kingdom of Paekche from Goguryeo in 384 A. D. In the case of the above two kingdoms, the royal families first p racticed Buddhism. However, in the kingdom of Silla, the common people were attracted to Buddhism. After Lee Chadon's martyrdom, King Beopheung officially recognized Buddhism in 527 A.D. The influence of Buddhism was mentioned before; Buddhism in the Three Kingdoms flourished with the support of the royal family and the aristocrats. In this way, Buddhism became the state religion, which contributed to the national defense. Buddhism also had far-reaching affect in the art field of Three Kingdoms. For example, the Buddhist Temple, Buddhist sculpture, Buddhist mural etc. came to the fore with large numbers. â€Å"Buddhist sculpture went through a transformation of styles and influences as it passed on to the Three Kingdoms.There is a scarcity of Koguryo. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Buddhist images did appear in the form of lotus motifs and flame decorations on the walls of Koguryo tombs. The golden statues of the Maitreya shows the continued advancement of Paekche metal-working skills. There were a lso stone statues and pagodas that are a testament of Buddhist influences in Paekche. A distinction in Paekche sculptures that is local and purely Korean is the â€Å"Paekche smile† that the images possess. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Silla sculpture is noted for its variety of forms(†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦), and different materials used(granite, bronze, gold, iron).The most notable Buddhist sculptures of Silla include a relief image on a cliff face with Buddhist inscriptions, and images with Korean facial characteristics. †[7] â€Å"The surviving secular art of the period consists chiefly of burial gifts taken from tombs. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦However, much pottery, along with items used for personal adornment, was uncovered in the second half of the 20th century from the less accessible Paekche and Silla tombs. The 1971 excavation of the tomb of King Munyong (died 523) and his queen in Kongju yielded many treasures, including gold crowns, silver and bronze items, and other decorative arts. †¦The most valuable pieces of Old Silla art came from huge mounded tombs in the Kyongju area. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †[8] Three Kingdoms developed a colorful and refined aristocrat-centered Buddhist culture which was eventually introduced to Japan and greatly influenced the development of its ancient culture. â€Å"Confucianism has been the main foundation of traditional thought that deeply spread its roots in Korean society. Throughout Korean history, the Korean people respected Confucian learning and attached its great significance to education. This tradition continues to the present time.There is no ancient Korean historical record about the introduction of Confucianism, but Confucianism was transmitted to Korea through continental China before the diffusion of Chinese civilization (Clark, 1981, pp. 91-94; Grayson, 1989, pp. 60-61; Yun, 1996). According to one important historical record, Samguk-saki (Historical Record of Three Kingdoms, Kim, 1145), the Three Kingdoms, Koguryo (3 7 BC-AD 668), Paekche (18 BC-AD 660), and Silla (57 BC-AD 935), were learning Chinese ideas and culture. Therefore, Chinese systems and ideas pervaded the three early states of Korea and had significant impact on Korean culture and society. [9] Through the above information, we can see that the Confucianism affected the Korean from the Three Kingdoms period. It introduced to Koguryo in 372 in first, and the first formal institution of the elite education Taehak (National Confucian Academy), built by King Sosurim of Koguryo in 372. The institution taught the Chinese letter and the Chinese classics, such as Confucian texts. Since the purpose of the institution was mainly to foster prospective government officials, the scions of the aristocratic class only could attend at the school.The same with Paekche, it have the Confucian Academy, Paekche educated the Chinese literae humaniores and produced various Confucian academic scholars, many of whom contributed much to the development of th e ancient Japanese culture. Silla accepted the Confucian at the last, the precept of fidelity of Confucian was valued by the member of the Hwarang bands, and this cohesive force was directed up-ward to bolster the authority of the throne. There were many kinds of arts and culture did a progress in the Three Kingdoms period. Such as painting, poetry and music etc. In here, I will introduce them just simply.The painting of the Three Kingdoms period often has a strongly religious character, there’re some information can prove it to a certain extent (Korea’s earliest known paintings date to the Three Kingdoms period. Vivid polychrome paintings depicting shamanistic deities, Buddhist and Daoist themes, heavenly bodies and constellations, and scenes of daily life among Koguryo aristocrats Vivid polychrome paintings depicting shamanistic deities located along the north bank of the Yalu (Korean: Amnok) River near Ji’an, China, in the area around P’yongyang to the south, and in the Anak area in Hwanghae province.Although the Koguryo custom of painting the plastered walls of tomb burial chambers spread to Paekche and Silla (as well as to Kyushu, Japan), only a few murals from these kingdoms survive. Paintings from the Three Kingdoms are mainly those from decorated tombs. The earliest dated Koguryo tomb, the Tomb of Tongsu, or Tomb No. 3, in Anak, south of P’yongyang, was built in 357. All other known tombs except for Tokhung-ni Tomb, bearing an inscription datable to 408 ce, are undated but can be roughly classified as early (4th century), middle (5th–6th century), or late (6th–7th century).The early tomb murals were portraits of the dead master and his wife, painted either on the nichelike side walls of an entrance chamber or on the back wall of the main burial chamber. The paintings were executed on the plastered stone wall with mineral pigment. The colours used were black, deep yellow, brownish red, green, and purple. The general tone of the paintings is subdued. In the middle stage, though portraits were still painted, they depicted the dead master in connection with some important event in his life, rather than seated solemnly and godlike as in the earlier period.In the Tomb of the Dancing Figures in the Tonggou region around Ji’an, the master is shown on the northern wall of the main chamber feasting with visiting Buddhist monks. A troupe of dancers is painted on the eastern wall and a hunting scene on the western one. The delicate wiry outlines of the first phase of Korean mural painting are replaced by bold, animated lines, which are quite distinct from the prevailing Chinese styles. In the hunting scene, mounted warriors shoot at fleeing tigers and deer. Lumps of striated clay are used to depict mountain ranges.Forceful brushstrokes are used to heighten the effect of motion of the galloping horses and fleeing game. This sense of dynamism is characteristic of Koguryo painting reflecti ng the brave spirits of its people. In the third and final stage of Koguryo mural art, the technique of mural painting was improved and imagery refined under the influence of Chinese painting. Lines flow and colours are intensified. Genre paintings of preceding stages disappeared, and the Four Deities of the cardinal compass points now occupied the four walls, a concept derived from Daoist religious art of the Six Dynasties period.Dating probably from the first half of the 7th century, the paintings of the Three Tombs at Uhyon-ni, near P’yongyang, and of the Tomb of the Four Deities in Ji’an are the best examples from the final phase of Koguryo fresco painting. Tomb painting spread to Paekche, where two examples of tomb wall painting can be found, the tombs of Songsan-ni in Kongju and of Nungsan-ni in Puyo. In addition, a pillow from the tomb of King Munyong (501–523), in Kongju, features fish and dragons and lotus flowers painted in flowing exquisite lines in i nk against a red background.In the greater Silla area, one decorated tomb at Koryong in the former Kaya territory and two tombs discovered in the 1980s at Yongju have survived, but the paintings in all three are badly damaged. The best example of painting from the Old Silla period is found on a saddle mudguard made of multi-ply birch bark discovered in the Tomb of the Heavenly Horse in Kyongju in 1973; the mudguard depicts a galloping white horse surrounded by a band of honeysuckle design. ) And the same with poetry and music, they also has a strongly religious character. I think this could occur in the introduced of Buddhism.Most of poetry and music were teach by Buddhist monks or created by Buddhist monks. So we can see that the â€Å"flourishing of Buddhism both enriched the intellectual content of Three Kingdoms art and introduced markedly advanced artistic techniques, and in consequence works began to appear in which a more refined sense of beauty and harmony can be discerned. †[11] Conclusion: Through searched amount of materials and sorted out them to be the existing writings,I finally finished the paper—The social and cultural development of the â€Å"Three Kingdoms†.I have to say that it is a painstaking process, but I’m very gratified to find that I have in-depth understanding how the Three Kingdoms was. Of course, I just discoursed little aspect of it. Even then, I got some thoughts in my mind. According to my paper, each of the three kingdoms had rigid social status system. I supposed that the three kingdoms contained each other all the time. They form an alliance at times, but just for its own national interests. So they would launch war to defend their national interests. The three kingdoms had a complex relationship with China.One hand, they didn’t want be controlled by China, another hand, they wanted to absorb the Chinese culture what can improve theirs’ comprehensive national strength. The transmissio n of Buddhism and Confucian shows the importance of learn advance culture. The advanced culture can promote the development of the construction of the political and economic, moreover, it is benefit to the growth of arts and culture. Chinese saying goes â€Å"taking history as a mirror†, in my opinion, it’s doesn’t work when you learn to some other country’s history.When we learning foreign history we will take better understanding of what do they thinking, why do they do things like that†¦ I think it’s a wonderful way to promote exchanges between the countries of the world. Bibliography: [1]Encyclopedia of World History, Vol I, P464 Three Kingdoms, Korea, Edited by Marsha E. Ackermann, Michael J. Schroeder, Janice J. Terry, Jiu-Hwa Lo Upshur, Mark F. Whitters. [2] http://blog. daum. net/cor1007/8743772 [3] ? / [4] http://www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/438085/Paekche [5] by [6]? Korea old and new a history?Ch. 3. Aristocratic So cieties Under Monarchical Rule_ Political and Social Structure of the Three Kingdoms p32~p33 [7] http://scienceview. berkeley. edu/VI/index. html [8]http://www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/719289/Korean-art/283332/Three-Kingdoms-period-c-57-bce-668-ce [9]Radical Pedagogy (2001) ISSN: 1524-6345 Jeong-Kyu Lee, Ph. D. Division of Educational Policy Research Korean Educational Development Institute/Hongik University [10] ? Korea old and new a history? Ch. 3. Aristocratic Societies Under Monarchical Rule_ Political and Social Structure of the Three Kingdoms p39

The Solitude Of Self By Elizabeth Cady Stanton - 1206 Words

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Each person affected by sickle cell anemia must seek out expert advice and care for combating the disease, but as of late, care has been lacking in the medical field for these patients. Therefore providing optimal care and effective treatments for patients with sickle cell anemia will involve more research and funding in the future. StudiesRead MoreCoping Strategies And Techniques Among Sickle Cell Disease1195 Words   |  5 PagesOjong Bate â€Å"Coping strategies and techniques amongst people living with sickle cell Disease† Introduction: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is one of the many chronic health conditions yet to be well understood by health care professionals; hematologists included. It is an inherited genetic condition characterized by sickled shaped red blood cells, which alter their oxygen carring capacity. Sickle cell disease is passed from parents to offspring and it is characterized by numerous complications suchRead MoreA Study On The Sickle Cell Disease962 Words   |  4 Pagesone study that dealt mainly with African-Americans, the results show how prevalent sickle-cell disease can be in black people. The higher rate of the trait can again be linked back to the monetary elements but it may not be limited only be limited to that as family ties are an important genetic factor of this disease. A study was done on the ethnicities of sickle cell infected patients in Sudan. In the study scientists tied to see the ethnic distribution of sickle cell disease. TheRead MoreSickle Cell Anemia Essay1530 Words   |  7 PagesSickle cell anemia is an inherited disease in which the body is unable to produce normal hemoglobin, an iron-containing protein. Sickle cell anemia is a disease in which the body is unable to produce normal hemoglobin, an iron-containing protein. Abnormal hemoglobin can change cells that can become stuck in narrow blood vessels, blocking oxygen from reaching organs and tissues. Tissue that does not get a normal blood flow eventually becomes damaged. This is what causes the problems of sickle cellRead MoreThe Sickle Of Sickle Cell Disease852 Words   |  4 PagesSickle cell disease was discovered in 1910 in the United States. Many cases came to surface after that, and it was clear that sickle cell disease is predominantly common in the African Americ an ethnicity. Sickle cell disease is caused by a mutation in the hemoglobin of red blood cells. The most common, known sickle cell disease is sickle cell anemia. There is no cure for Sickle cell disease, but there was a treatment that help relieve pain, prevent infections, and prevent organ damage. A drug calledRead MoreSickle Cell Anemi Is The Most Common Inherited Blood Disorder? Essay1636 Words   |  7 PagesSickle Cell Anemia is a group of disorders that cause red blood cells to become misshapen and break down. Sickle Cell Anemia affects many people all over the world; Sickle cell disease  is the most common inherited blood disorder in the United States, affecting 70,000 to 80,000 Americans (Ashley-Koch, Yang and Olney). Sickle Cell Anemia causes your red blood cells to be thin, stiff, and shaped like a sickle. But your red blood cells are supposed to be round and soft. When a person is diagnosed withRead MoreTreatment Of Sickle Cell Anemia Essay1654 Words   |  7 PagesT reatment Sickle Cell Anemia is a group of disorders that cause red blood cells to become misshapen and break down. Sickle cell disease  is the most common inherited blood disorder in the United States, affecting 70,000 to 80,000 Americans (Ashley-Koch, Yang and Olney). Sickle Cell Anemia causes your red blood cells to be thin, stiff, and shaped like a sickle. But your red blood cells are supposed to be round and soft. A person that is diagnosed with sickle cell anemia, their blood cells start to

The Is A Deeper Understanding Of Things Which Involves...

Enlightment is a deeper understanding of things which involves spiritual aspect of knowledge. It can also be a way of challenging ones way of thinking. It is the aspect of knowledge that cannot be taken away from a person. One may ask; what then is the difference between knowledge and enlightment; if enlightment is an aspect of knowledge? Enlightment is an awakening whereby knowledge is seen as the key to living well. One can be knowledgeable without being enlightened. Knowledge and wisdom can be combined to give more insight about enlightment. Emmanuel Kant famously wrote† thoughts without content are empty, intuitions without concepts are blind.† Similarly, knowledge without wisdom is hallow while wisdom without knowledge is difficult. According to the English dictionary, enlightment is the state of understanding something (life). In Hinduism and Buddhism, it is the highest spiritual state that can be achieved. It is not inherently about power as people refer to knowled ge being power. It is about the desire to learn neither for the sake of material acquisition nor manipulating people. According to Andrew Gottlieb, â€Å"Enlightment entails the acquisition of knowledge for the sake of becoming wiser, kinder, more compassionate person.† The Allegory of the cave is hypothetical scenario, described by Plato, in the form an Enlightening conversation between Socrates and his brother Glaucon. It is a hypothetical scenario in which people perceive illusions asShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Raja Rao s Book1386 Words   |  6 PagesRao’s novels is generally held to be Vedantic in tone and temper. Being a Vedantin, he seeks Truth on the lines of Advaitavada and frequently refers to the precepts from the Upanishadas. To him, writing is a visible expression of his deeply – felt spiritual experiences. Duly recognizing man’s deep need to seek and realize Truth, he endeavours to revive the traditional Indian quest with all its rigour. The Advaita philosophy of Sankaracharya forms the core of Raja Rao’s fictional world. SankaracharyaRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Of The Book The Passage Essay1747 Words   |  7 Pagesconnection to God, but it wasn’t until this passage at which Mary is shown the unique sonship of her son to God. However, at the revelation of this knowledge, Mary is una ble to fully understand what her son Jesus is referring to. Verse 50 highlights her and Joseph’s confusion to Jesus’ response. While this may highlight the issue of confusion caused by many people when considering that Jesus was both fully God and fully man, there is another aspect in Mary’s actions that I believe the author was tryingRead MoreTheory of Caring Science1515 Words   |  7 Pagesscrutinize the essential key concepts of the theory and its relationship with the other elements, emphasize its effects in a clinical situation, and how it views the nursing policies with definite personal examples. Nursing theories and having knowledge of the theories are important to any nurse. They serve as guides as to how a nurse should treat patients mentally and psychologically, aside from the structured education system a nurse goes through typically. Nursing theories predict and try toRead MoreMarilyn Ray and Jean Watsons Theories Compared Essay1639 Words   |  7 PagesWinifred Hernandez National American University Abstract How is caring defined? In nursing, caring is an essential part of our profession. It is the foundation and initial approach used in our daily practice. There are many belief systems in which caring is examined. The two theories discussed in this paper are Marilyn Anne Ray’s Theory of Bureaucratic Caring and Jean Watson’s Theory of Human Caring. The Theory of Bureaucratic Caring was generated in a complex organization, while The TheoryRead MoreThe Story By Naigub Mahfouz1727 Words   |  7 Pageswhile the other is an urge to return to the roots. The short story by Naigub Mahfouz presents a search for religious knowledge by an individual who appears to have walked astray from God. Using several literary techniques, Mafouz presents the idea that modernization, commonly referred to as the Western culture, impedes common people from the discovery of their traditional spiritual thirst thus failing to achieve inner peace. The narrator sets out to search for a mysterious Zaabalawi who cures illnessesRead MoreHealth Care Provider And Faith Diversity1842 Words   |  8 Pagespatient care involves understanding different worldviews. By addressing these issues, it is possible to deliver spiritually fulfilling and respectful care for patients with varying religious beliefs. Comparative analysis of Health Care: Christianity Christianity is centered on the Gospel as proclaimed by Jesus, the son of God. The fundamental message offered by Jesus is of compassion and love. This message is astonishing to most people as Jesus instructs us to love our enemies, a concept which was notRead MoreThe Divine Comedy By Dante Aleghiri1648 Words   |  7 Pagesobviously had read the Bible before. Dante also, must have had some kind of understanding of the church fathers and their writings. Dante knew the main works of Augustine and Aquinas as well. Silver then asserts that from sources like these and from the pure talent that Dante had as a poet Dante created a personal epic that addresses the end goal and problems of happiness. Silver goes on to describe his end goal, which is to bring forth the question about the Comedy the Plato, Aristotle, and AquinasRead MoreInnovation And Management Of Technological Development Essay1543 Words   |  7 Pagesto participate in society as informed citizens and give them access to technology-related careers† (Ministry of Education, 2007, p. 32). Through the learning opportunities in each of three distinct strands: Technological Practice, Technological Knowledge and the Nature of Technology, students are provided with opportunities to be creative, innovative and to develop technological skill through practical activity. It does not however currently address the specific development of Innovation and theRead MorePersonality, Personality And Personality Assessment Essay1610 Words   |  7 Pageslearns about their personality they are able to increase their positive interaction with the world, and recognize their weakness which in turns helps to recognize their sinful nature. We all have sinful tendencies, but it is a choice to act on them or not (Fischer, 2006). Before taking the assessments I already had an idea of my areas of weakness, this test just, clarified which specific areas to improve. A test I completed previously helped to identify that I hav e an INTP personality (Kroeger, ThuesenRead MoreCriminology: The Evolution of Crime Essay1003 Words   |  5 Pageshistory into becoming a discipline all its own, along the way it grew and developed from a multiple sources of disciplines to become an integration of various theories. Reasons that seek to explain crime and deviant behaviors has mirrored the time in which research was being conducted and as time continues to change it is to be expected more theories will arise to incorporate past theories to become ever more inclusive. It is important to understand this development from the formulation of theories,

‘Away’ by Michael Gow Free Essays

Michael Gow’s play Away is the story of three different Australian families who go on holiday for Christmas in the sixties. By going away each family is hoping to resolve their issues. Although Away is set some time ago the themes and issues explored in the play are still relevant to a modern day audience, even one of a non-Australian background. We will write a custom essay sample on ‘Away’ by Michael Gow or any similar topic only for you Order Now Shakespearean plays that were written many hundreds of years ago and are still understandable and relevant to people all over the world today. Away is the story of three Australian families who go on holiday during the Christmas of 1968. Roy and Coral (the headmaster and his wife) are becoming increasingly close to breaking up. Their son was killed in the Vietnam War and Coral is still grieving for him. Tom and Meg were in the school’s production of A Midsummer’s Nights Dream. Tom has Leukaemia, and his parents, Harry and Vic, haven’t told him that he is going to die, but Tom has worked it out already. Tom and his family immigrated to Australia form England. They are going on holiday knowing that it could be their last together as a family, and are determined to have a good time. Meg is the same age as Tom and they both like each other. Meg’s parents, Gwen and Jim are going on holiday so Gwen can have a break. Gwen is a rather uptight and stressed person and thinks that to have anything good happen you have to make sacrifices. During each of the three families holidays there is a storm and they coincidently end up on the same beach. Away by Michael Gow is set in suburban Australia in the summer of 1968. However the specific time and place do not make it any less relevant to me. I could still relate to and understand what was happening in the play, even though it is set in a time before I was born. This is very much like Shakespearean plays that were written hundreds of years ago, even today people can still connect with the characters in them. It is interesting to note that Gow begins Away with a Shakespearean play, A Midsummer’s Nights Dream, and then choses to end it with another of Shakespeare’s plays, King Lear. Away, like Shakespearean plays is non-naturalism, a feature of this being the non-changing set. Throughout the production of Away that I saw the set remains the same except for basic props such as suitcases and a table. White sand covered the floor and lights were shone on the sails to show the hanges between scenes for the play. In the play Tom is compared to Chip Rafferty, a well-known Australian actor who died at age 62 in 1971. Younger people of today probably haven’t heard of him, but from watching the play and reading the script can safely assume that he was a famous actor. What makes Away relevant to an audience of today or from a non-Au stralian background are the universal themes present in the play. As long as the audience can connect and empathise with a character or understand a theme in the play then it will be relevant to them. Some of the themes in the play include death/grief/loss, racism, class systems, and relationships. The relationship between Gwen and Meg (mother and daughter) is quite strained during the play. Gwen is portrayed as a very uptight and stressed person, while Meg is in her late teens and has her own ideas about things. During Act Three Gwen and Meg begin arguing over Jim’s missing Christmas presents for everyone. The argument ends with Gwen saying how hard she tries to make things good for Meg, and Meg apologises. I feel that I can connect to Meg, especially in the scene where she is arguing with her mother. After that argument her father, (Jim) asks her why she did it, because he’d asked her not to upset her mother and she did. Meg replies that she couldn’t help herself. I know how she feels. You don’t mean to hurt the person or upset them but you just have to have your say, no matter what the consequences of that may be. I also feel that I can relate to Gwen, Meg’s mother as she reminds me of my own mum. The near constant stressing about everything, and wanting the very best for her daughter is very familiar. The issue of death is also covered in Away. Roy and Coral lost a son in the Vietnam was and Coral is still grieving for him. While Harry and Vic know that there son Tom is going to die from leukaemia. People all over the world, no matter what language they speak, what culture they come from, or which country they live in can understand and empathise with what these families may be feeling. The sense of loss and grief that comes with death is a universal feeling that can make the play relevant to so many people. How to cite ‘Away’ by Michael Gow, Papers

The Arrival free essay sample

The Arrival  is a migrant story expressed as a sequence of images that seem to come from a long forgotten time. A man leaves his wife and child in an impoverished town, in search of better prospects in an unfamiliar country on the other side of a vast ocean. He ultimately finds himself in a puzzling city of  foreign customs, unusual animals, curious floating objects and incomprehensible languages. With nothing more than a  suitcase  and a handful of money, the immigrant must find a place to live, food to eat and some kind of profitable employment. He is aided along the way by compassionate strangers, each with their own unspoken antiquity: stories of struggle and survival in a world of inconceivable passion, upheaval and hope. Tan’s drawings of people and animals encompass the relationship between individuals and their respective environments, their sense of ‘belonging’ to a place. Shaun Tan’s ‘The Arrival’ stands to convey the feelings of isolation, belonging (and the desire to belong), the long process of integration and establishing a sense of familiarity, security and friends. We will write a custom essay sample on The Arrival or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The story emphasises the isolation that is often experienced by many people arriving somewhere new and unfamiliar. Tan demonstrates the different aspects in which we may or may not belong to a particular group, be it a country, language or friendships. We begin to appreciate the optimistic features of belonging and the sense of self gained when this is possessed, as well as the segregation, uncertainty and insecurities we develop with its absence. The apparent reproduction of an old leather bound book is a structural feature of the text that is used to convey meaning to the envisioned audience through the intended familiarity it establishes. This initiates the reader into an experience that involves the past and things that are valued sentimentally, like books and photographs and memories, a technique which generates a feeling of colloquial normality that is easily recognised and easily linked with a sense of belonging. Other techniques aid this, including the black, white, grey and sepia tones throughout, as well as the reproduction of crinkled paper and creased edges. There are other techniques that Tan uses which emphasise the aspect of belonging by highlighting some of the adverse characteristics to belonging such as insecurity and uncertainty. Such a technique includes the absence of any writing. Even within the newspaper clippings, text is replaced with strange and outlandish symbols, enhancing the feeling of uncertainty further. In ‘The Arrival’, the absence of any written description also plants the reader more firmly in the shoes of an immigrant character. There is no guidance as to how the images might be interpreted, and we must ourselves search for meaning and seek familiarity in a world where such things are either scarce or concealed.

The Marketing Strategy of Chinese E-Commerce Market-the Example of Ebay Failed in China free essay sample

This is the reason of why I consider this topic in my thesis. EBay, a world leading company on the E-commerce market. They have really strong power of competition in the E-commerce market in the world even there have a lot of competitors like Amazon, Alibaba. In 2002 they entered Chinese E-commerce market and they have been acquiring one of the top E-commerce brand: Eachnet in China. But the benefit from Chinese market is not as well as their plan even they spend a lot of money and never stop investing in the Chinese market. After 4 years they sell the on-line business to Tom goup in 2006. So before we talk about the reasons of eBay failed in Chinese market, we should think about how E-commerce creates value. In 2001 one theory created by Raphael Amit and Christoph Zott that E-commerce creates value from 4 points: Novelty, Lock-in, Efficiency, Complementarities. There has another theory created by G. We will write a custom essay sample on The Marketing Strategy of Chinese E-Commerce Market-the Example of Ebay Failed in China or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page T. Lumpkin and Gregory Dess, They thought the E-commerce was creates value by Search, Product Reviews and Reports, Problem-solving, transaction. In my thesis I focus on the why eBay company which have such strong ability to create value but they have to face many problems in Chinese E-commerce market and they lose in this market. In my thesis I will discusses and analysis the reasons of eBay failed in China because the wrong market strategies and the market strategies of the Taobao which actually become the most powerful E-commerce brand in China.